SAFETY AND SECURITY HANDLING AND STORAGE

Avoid direct contact with the acid, breathing vapor or mist. Working in a fume hood or well ventilated. Dilution is done by adding a little acid into the water and not vice versa because it is very exothermic. Keep a strong acid in the container in well-ventilated and cool place, away from water, flammable organic substances and metals.
SPILL AND leaks

Do not touch spilled acid because it can damage the skin or clothing. Can damage the floor. Neutralize spill with soda solution or lime, before flushing with water. Beware of the low because the vapor is heavier than air. Use personal protective equipment in handling the acid spill.
SELF-PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT Lungs:

Acid absorbent filter or air respirator
eyes:

Safety goggles and face shield
skin:

Gloves (CPE, neoprene, PE), work clothes
FIRST AID Inhalation:

Bring the victim into the fresh, immediately do the treatment.
Eyes:

Wash with clean water (warm) and drain for 20 minutes and immediately take it to the doctor.
Contact with skin:

Wash with clean water and drain for 20 minutes and promptly treated.
Ingestion:

If conscious, give 1-2 glasses of water to drink, take it to the doctor.
fire extinguisher

Fire can be extinguished with a chemical powder or CO2. Major fires extinguished with water but must be careful because it can cause heat (blackouts from a distance).

Reference : http://okleqs.wordpress.com/2008/12/02/1-asam-sulfat-h2so4/ 

HAZARD PROPERTIES HEALTH:

Short Term Effects (Acute)

Inhalation of acid vapors cause irritation of the nose and throat and interfere with the lungs. The acid can cause severe injury and can cause blindness if exposed to the eye.

Long-term effects (chronic)

Inhalation of acid vapors in the long run cause irritation of the nose, throat and lungs.

Threshold Limit Values​​: 1 mg/m3 (ACGIH 1987-88)

Toxicity: LD50 = 2.14 g / kg (rat)

LC50 = 510 mg/m3 (rat)

IDLH: 80 mg/m3
FIRE:

No burning, is an oxidant and can burn if in contact with organic substances such as sugar, cellulose and others. Powder is very reactive with organic substances.
REACTIVITY:

Experiencing the decomposition by heat, remove SO2 gas. Dilute acid reacts with metals to produce explosive hydrogen gas when the heat and ignite or react violently if it hit the water.

Reference : http://okleqs.wordpress.com/2008/12/02/1-asam-sulfat-h2so4/

9 Chemical Compound That is Unbelievably Dangerous to Humans

Some chemical compounds that must be considered as dangerous are:1. AgNO3 (Silver Nitrate)

These compounds are toxic and corrosive. Colored bottles and store them in a darkened room and away from materials that burn easily.
Potential Hazards: May cause skin burns and blisters. Gas / vapor also causes the same thing.
2. HCl (Hydro Chloric Acid) - Acid Chloride

Hydrochloric acid is the aquatic solution of hydrogen chloride gas (HCl). He is a strong acid, and is a major component of gastric acid. These compounds are also widely used in industry. Hydrochloric acid must be handled with appropriate safety wewanti because it is a highly corrosive liquid.
Since the Industrial Revolution, it becomes extremely important compound and is used for various purposes, including the mass production of organic chemical compounds such as vinyl chloride for PVC plastic and MDI / TDI for polyurethane. Other small usability include use in household cleaning, production of gelatin, and food additives. About 20 million tonnes of HCl gas are produced annually.
Potential Hazards: concentrated hydrochloric acid (fuming hydrochloric acid) will form acid mist. Both the mist and the solution is corrosive to body tissues, with potential damage to the respiratory organs, eyes, skin, and intestines. Instantly hydrochloric acid mixed with other oxidizing chemicals, such as sodium hypochlorite (bleach NaClO) or potassium permanganate (KMnO4), toxic chlorine gas will be formed.
3. H2S (Hydrogen Sulfide)

Hydrogen sulfide, H2S, is a gas that is colorless, toxic, flammable and smells like rotten eggs. This gas can arise from biological activity when bacteria break down organic matter in a state without oxygen (anaerobic activity), such as in swamps, and sewage. Gas was also featured on the gas arising from volcanic activity and natural gas.
Potential Hazards: Inhalation of this material can cause fainting, respiratory problems, even death.
4. H2SO4 (sulfuric acid)

Sulfuric acid, H2SO4, is a mineral acid (inorganic) is strong. This substance is soluble in water in all comparisons. Sulfuric acid has many uses and is one of the main products of chemical industry. World production of sulfuric acid in 2001 was 165 million tons, with trade worth U.S. $ 8 million. Its main use of minerals including ore processing, chemical synthesis, wastewater processing and oil refining.
Sulfuric acid is formed naturally through oxidation of sulfide minerals such as iron sulfide. Water produced from the oxidation is very acidic and is referred to as acid mine drainage. This acidic water can dissolve metals present in sulfide ores, which will produce a toxic vapor brightly colored. Oxidation of iron sulfide pyrite by molecular oxygen get the highest iron (II), or Fe2 +
Potential Hazards:The properties of sulfuric acid is corrosive eksotermiknya exacerbated by the reaction with water. Sulfuric acid burns could potentially be worse than a burn caused by other strong acids, this is due to additional tissue damage due to dehydration and thermal damage secondary to the release of heat by the reaction of sulfuric acid with water.
Sulfuric acid is considered nontoxic but corrosive hazard. The main risk of the sulfuric acid is in contact with skin causes burns and smoke inhalation aerosol. Exposure to acid aerosols at high concentrations will cause irritation to eyes, respiratory tract and mucous membrane damage. The irritation will subside quickly after exposure, although there is a risk of pulmonary edema if tissue damage is more severe. At low concentrations, the symptoms caused by chronic exposure to sulfuric acid aerosols are the most commonly reported is the erosion of teeth. Indications Chronic respiratory damage remains unclear. In the United States, established permissible exposure limits as 1 mg / m³. There are also reports that sulfuric acid ingestion causes vitamin B12 deficiency with subacute combined degenarasi.
5. NaOH (Sodium Hydroxide / Soda Fire)

This compound is hygroscopic and absorb CO2.
Potential Hazards:Can damage body tissues.
Skin contact with NaOH.
6. NH3 (Ammonia)

Ammonia is a chemical compound with the formula NH3. Usually these compounds are found to be a gas with a distinctive acrid smell (called the smell of ammonia). Although ammonia has a significant contribution to the presence of nutrients in the earth, ammonia itself is a compound caustic and can damage health. Occupation Safety and Health Administration United States provides the limit of 15 minutes of contact with ammonia in the gas volume concentration 35 ppm, or 8 hours to 25 ppm by volume.
Potential hazards:Contact with high concentrations of ammonia gas can cause lung damage and even death. Although ammonia in the U.S. is regulated as non-flammable gas, ammonia is still classified as toxic by inhalation, and transport of ammonia amounted to greater than 3,500 gallons (13.248 L) must be accompanied by a written permit.
Inhalation of these compounds at high concentrations may cause respiratory swelling and shortness of breath. Exposed to ammonia at a concentration of 0.5% (v / v) for 30 minutes can cause blindness.
7. HCN (Cyanide Acid)

These compounds are highly toxic, even at one of the foods that we often eat the cassava that suffered damage. Symptoms of damage is characterized by the release of a dark blue color due to formation of cyanide that is toxic to humans. Cyanide acids also exist in the fruit heels in love.Heels in love, kluwek, keluwek, keluak, or kluak (Pangium edule Reinw. Ex Blume; Achariaceae tribe, formerly included in Flacourtiaceae) is a tree-shaped plants that grow wild or half wild. Sundanese people call picung or Pucung (as did most people in Central Java) and in Toraja called panarassan.
Keluwek seeds used as seasoning kitchen cooking Indonesia that gives color to black on rawon, meat seasoning kluwek, brongkos, as well as soup konro. The seeds, which have seeds that can be eaten salute, when crude is highly toxic because they contain cyanide in high concentrations. When eaten in a certain amount cause dizziness (drunk).Toxins in seeds can be used as a poison for arrowheads. These seeds safely processed for food when it has boiled and soaked first.Also there is an article who stated that Cyanide Acid (Hydrogen Cynide) used as a weapon of mass murder in Nazi-era Germany.
8. HF (Hydrofluoric Acid)

Hydrofluoric acid is highly corrosive acid, can dissolve many materials, especially oxides. The ability to dissolve the glass has been known since the 17th century, even before hydrofluoric acid has been prepared in large quantities by Carl Wilhelm Scheele in 1771. Due to the high reactivity of the glass and moderate reactivity of many metals, hydrofluoric acid is usually stored in plastic containers although polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is slightly permeable.
Potential Hazards:hydrogen fluoride is initatif of skin tissue, damage lungs and cause pneumonia (respiratory disorders).
9. HNO3 (Nitric Acid)

Nitric acid, also known as Aqua Fortis is a substance that is very corrosive and is a highly toxic acid.
Potential Hazards:Can cause burns, inhaling vapors may cause death.

Burned skin due to exposure HNO3

A coin which is soluble in the liquid HNO3 in 31 seconds ..

Reference : http://muklis-chemicalengineer.blogspot.com/2011/01/9-senyawa-kimia-yang-sangat-berbahaya.html 

MSDS Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4)

Sulfuric acid is one of the most important chemicals widely used in chemical industry. Usefulness, among others, are used as reagents for the analysis in the laboratory, the regeneration of cation resins, manufacture of superphosphate fertilizer, the manufacture of explosives and is also used in metal processing (pickling).

Sulfuric acid is highly corrosive strong acid and belong to a group of hazardous chemicals or B3.

Here is the MSDS data sulfuric acid in various concentrations and published by several manufacturers of sulfuric acid.

MSDS Sulfuric Acid Concentration 52-100%

MSDS Sulfuric Acid Concentration 20-60%

MSDS Sulfuric Acid Concentration 95-98%

MSDS Sulfuric Acid Concentration 95-98%

MSDS Sulfuric Acid Concentration 100%

Formation Petroleum

Structure of vanadium porphyrin compound extracted from petroleum by Alfred E. Treibs, father of organic geochemistry. Treibs noted the close structural similarity of this molecule and chlorophyll a.

Petroleum is a fossil fuel derived from ancient fossilized organic materials, such as zooplankton and algae.^[20] Vast quantities of these remains settled to sea or lake bottoms, mixing with sediments and being buried under anoxic conditions. As further layers settled to the sea or lake bed, intense heat and pressure built up in the lower regions. This process caused the organic matter to change, first into a waxy material known as kerogen, which is found in various oil shales around the world, and then with more heat into liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons via a process known as catagenesis. Formation of petroleum occurs from hydrocarbon pyrolysis in a variety of mainly endothermic reactions at high temperature and/or pressure.^[21]
There were certain warm nutrient-rich environments such as the Gulf of Mexico and the ancient Tethys Sea where the large amounts of organic material falling to the ocean floor exceeded the rate at which it could decompose. This resulted in large masses of organic material being buried under subsequent deposits such as shale formed from mud. This massive organic deposit later became heated and transformed under pressure into oil.^[22]
Geologists often refer to the temperature range in which oil forms as an "oil window"^[23]—below the minimum temperature oil remains trapped in the form of kerogen, and above the maximum temperature the oil is converted to natural gas through the process of thermal cracking. Sometimes, oil formed at extreme depths may migrate and become trapped at a much shallower level. The Athabasca Oil Sands is one example of this.

Abiogenic origin hypothesis

Main article: Abiogenic petroleum origin

A small number of geologists adhere to the abiogenic petroleum origin hypothesis, maintaining that high molecular weight hydrocarbons of purely inorganic origin exist within Earth's interior and are the source for major petroleum deposits. The hypothesis was originally proposed by Nikolai Kudryavtsev and Vladimir Porfiriev in the 1950s, and more recently Thomas Gold proposed a similar deep hot biosphere idea. The thermodynamic synthesis routes necessary to carry abiogenic source material into subsurface oil are not established, observation of organic markers in kerogen and oil is not explained, and no oil deposits have been located by this hypothesis.^[24]

Reservoirs

Crude oil reservoirs

Hydrocarbon trap.

Three conditions must be present for oil reservoirs to form: a source rock rich in hydrocarbon material buried deep enough for subterranean heat to cook it into oil; a porous and permeable reservoir rock for it to accumulate in; and a cap rock (seal) or other mechanism that prevents it from escaping to the surface. Within these reservoirs, fluids will typically organize themselves like a three-layer cake with a layer of water below the oil layer and a layer of gas above it, although the different layers vary in size between reservoirs. Because most hydrocarbons are lighter than rock or water, they often migrate upward through adjacent rock layers until either reaching the surface or becoming trapped within porous rocks (known as reservoirs) by impermeable rocks above. However, the process is influenced by underground water flows, causing oil to migrate hundreds of kilometres horizontally or even short distances downward before becoming trapped in a reservoir. When hydrocarbons are concentrated in a trap, an oil field forms, from which the liquid can be extracted by drilling and pumping.
The reactions that produce oil and natural gas are often modeled as first order breakdown reactions, where hydrocarbons are broken down to oil and natural gas by a set of parallel reactions, and oil eventually breaks down to natural gas by another set of reactions. The latter set is regularly used in petrochemical plants and oil refineries.
Wells are drilled into oil reservoirs to extract the crude oil. "Natural lift" production methods that rely on the natural reservoir pressure to force the oil to the surface are usually sufficient for a while after reservoirs are first tapped. In some reservoirs, such as in the Middle East, the natural pressure is sufficient over a long time. The natural pressure in many reservoirs, however, eventually dissipates. Then the oil must be pumped out using “artificial lift” created by mechanical pumps powered by gas or electricity. Over time, these "primary" methods become less effective and "secondary" production methods may be used. A common secondary method is “waterflood” or injection of water into the reservoir to increase pressure and force the oil to the drilled shaft or "wellbore." Eventually "tertiary" or "enhanced" oil recovery methods may be used to increase the oil's flow characteristics by injecting steam, carbon dioxide and other gases or chemicals into the reservoir. In the United States, primary production methods account for less than 40% of the oil produced on a daily basis, secondary methods account for about half, and tertiary recovery the remaining 10%. Extracting oil (or “bitumen”) from oil/tar sand and oil shale deposits requires mining the sand or shale and heating it in a vessel or retort, or using “in-situ” methods of injecting heated liquids into the deposit and then pumping out the oil-saturated liquid.

Unconventional oil reservoirs

See also: Unconventional oil, Oil sands, and Oil shale reserves

Oil-eating bacteria biodegrade oil that has escaped to the surface. Oil sands are reservoirs of partially biodegraded oil still in the process of escaping and being biodegraded, but they contain so much migrating oil that, although most of it has escaped, vast amounts are still present—more than can be found in conventional oil reservoirs. The lighter fractions of the crude oil are destroyed first, resulting in reservoirs containing an extremely heavy form of crude oil, called crude bitumen in Canada, or extra-heavy crude oil in Venezuela. These two countries have the world's largest deposits of oil sands.
On the other hand, oil shales are source rocks that have not been exposed to heat or pressure long enough to convert their trapped hydrocarbons into crude oil. Technically speaking, oil shales are not always shales and do not contain oil, but are fined-grain sedimentary rocks containing an insoluble organic solid called kerogen. The kerogen in the rock can be converted into crude oil using heat and pressure to simulate natural processes. The method has been known for centuries and was patented in 1694 under British Crown Patent No. 330 covering, "A way to extract and make great quantities of pitch, tar, and oil out of a sort of stone." Although oil shales are found in many countries, the United States has the world's largest deposits.

From : http://www.answers.com/topic/petroleum#Petroleum_industry

Formation Petroleum

Structure of vanadium porphyrin compound extracted from petroleum by Alfred E. Treibs, father of organic geochemistry. Treibs noted the close structural similarity of this molecule and chlorophyll a.

Petroleum is a fossil fuel derived from ancient fossilized organic materials, such as zooplankton and algae.^[20] Vast quantities of these remains settled to sea or lake bottoms, mixing with sediments and being buried under anoxic conditions. As further layers settled to the sea or lake bed, intense heat and pressure built up in the lower regions. This process caused the organic matter to change, first into a waxy material known as kerogen, which is found in various oil shales around the world, and then with more heat into liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons via a process known as catagenesis. Formation of petroleum occurs from hydrocarbon pyrolysis in a variety of mainly endothermic reactions at high temperature and/or pressure.^[21]
There were certain warm nutrient-rich environments such as the Gulf of Mexico and the ancient Tethys Sea where the large amounts of organic material falling to the ocean floor exceeded the rate at which it could decompose. This resulted in large masses of organic material being buried under subsequent deposits such as shale formed from mud. This massive organic deposit later became heated and transformed under pressure into oil.^[22]
Geologists often refer to the temperature range in which oil forms as an "oil window"^[23]—below the minimum temperature oil remains trapped in the form of kerogen, and above the maximum temperature the oil is converted to natural gas through the process of thermal cracking. Sometimes, oil formed at extreme depths may migrate and become trapped at a much shallower level. The Athabasca Oil Sands is one example of this.

Abiogenic origin hypothesis

Main article: Abiogenic petroleum origin

A small number of geologists adhere to the abiogenic petroleum origin hypothesis, maintaining that high molecular weight hydrocarbons of purely inorganic origin exist within Earth's interior and are the source for major petroleum deposits. The hypothesis was originally proposed by Nikolai Kudryavtsev and Vladimir Porfiriev in the 1950s, and more recently Thomas Gold proposed a similar deep hot biosphere idea. The thermodynamic synthesis routes necessary to carry abiogenic source material into subsurface oil are not established, observation of organic markers in kerogen and oil is not explained, and no oil deposits have been located by this hypothesis.^[24]

Reservoirs

Crude oil reservoirs

Hydrocarbon trap.

Three conditions must be present for oil reservoirs to form: a source rock rich in hydrocarbon material buried deep enough for subterranean heat to cook it into oil; a porous and permeable reservoir rock for it to accumulate in; and a cap rock (seal) or other mechanism that prevents it from escaping to the surface. Within these reservoirs, fluids will typically organize themselves like a three-layer cake with a layer of water below the oil layer and a layer of gas above it, although the different layers vary in size between reservoirs. Because most hydrocarbons are lighter than rock or water, they often migrate upward through adjacent rock layers until either reaching the surface or becoming trapped within porous rocks (known as reservoirs) by impermeable rocks above. However, the process is influenced by underground water flows, causing oil to migrate hundreds of kilometres horizontally or even short distances downward before becoming trapped in a reservoir. When hydrocarbons are concentrated in a trap, an oil field forms, from which the liquid can be extracted by drilling and pumping.
The reactions that produce oil and natural gas are often modeled as first order breakdown reactions, where hydrocarbons are broken down to oil and natural gas by a set of parallel reactions, and oil eventually breaks down to natural gas by another set of reactions. The latter set is regularly used in petrochemical plants and oil refineries.
Wells are drilled into oil reservoirs to extract the crude oil. "Natural lift" production methods that rely on the natural reservoir pressure to force the oil to the surface are usually sufficient for a while after reservoirs are first tapped. In some reservoirs, such as in the Middle East, the natural pressure is sufficient over a long time. The natural pressure in many reservoirs, however, eventually dissipates. Then the oil must be pumped out using “artificial lift” created by mechanical pumps powered by gas or electricity. Over time, these "primary" methods become less effective and "secondary" production methods may be used. A common secondary method is “waterflood” or injection of water into the reservoir to increase pressure and force the oil to the drilled shaft or "wellbore." Eventually "tertiary" or "enhanced" oil recovery methods may be used to increase the oil's flow characteristics by injecting steam, carbon dioxide and other gases or chemicals into the reservoir. In the United States, primary production methods account for less than 40% of the oil produced on a daily basis, secondary methods account for about half, and tertiary recovery the remaining 10%. Extracting oil (or “bitumen”) from oil/tar sand and oil shale deposits requires mining the sand or shale and heating it in a vessel or retort, or using “in-situ” methods of injecting heated liquids into the deposit and then pumping out the oil-saturated liquid.

Unconventional oil reservoirs

See also: Unconventional oil, Oil sands, and Oil shale reserves

Oil-eating bacteria biodegrade oil that has escaped to the surface. Oil sands are reservoirs of partially biodegraded oil still in the process of escaping and being biodegraded, but they contain so much migrating oil that, although most of it has escaped, vast amounts are still present—more than can be found in conventional oil reservoirs. The lighter fractions of the crude oil are destroyed first, resulting in reservoirs containing an extremely heavy form of crude oil, called crude bitumen in Canada, or extra-heavy crude oil in Venezuela. These two countries have the world's largest deposits of oil sands.
On the other hand, oil shales are source rocks that have not been exposed to heat or pressure long enough to convert their trapped hydrocarbons into crude oil. Technically speaking, oil shales are not always shales and do not contain oil, but are fined-grain sedimentary rocks containing an insoluble organic solid called kerogen. The kerogen in the rock can be converted into crude oil using heat and pressure to simulate natural processes. The method has been known for centuries and was patented in 1694 under British Crown Patent No. 330 covering, "A way to extract and make great quantities of pitch, tar, and oil out of a sort of stone." Although oil shales are found in many countries, the United States has the world's largest deposits.

Petroleum industry

New York Mercantile Exchange prices for West Texas Intermediate 1996–2009

Main article: Petroleum industry

The petroleum industry is involved in the global processes of exploration, extraction, refining, transporting (often with oil tankers and pipelines), and marketing petroleum products. The largest volume products of the industry are fuel oil and petrol . Petroleum is also the raw material for many chemical products, including pharmaceuticals, solvents, fertilizers, pesticides, and plastics. The industry is usually divided into three major components: upstream, midstream and downstream. Midstream operations are usually included in the downstream category.
Petroleum is vital to many industries, and is of importance to the maintenance of industrialized civilization itself, and thus is critical concern to many nations. Oil accounts for a large percentage of the world's energy consumption, ranging from a low of 32% for Europe and Asia, up to a high of 53% for the Middle East. Other geographic regions' consumption patterns are as follows: South and Central America (44%), Africa (41%), and North America (40%). The world at large consumes 30 billion barrels (4.8 km³) of oil per year, and the top oil consumers largely consist of developed nations. In fact, 24% of the oil consumed in 2004 went to the United States alone,^[28] though by 2007 this had dropped to 21% of world oil consumed.^[29]
In the US, in the states of Arizona, California, Hawaii, Nevada, Oregon and Washington, the Western States Petroleum Association (WSPA) represents companies responsible for producing, distributing, refining, transporting and marketing petroleum. This non-profit trade association was founded in 1907, and is the oldest petroleum trade association in the United States.




From : http://www.answers.com/topic/petroleum#Petroleum_industry