TASK UTILITY
Department of Chemical Engineering UMS
Compiled by:
1. Heri Santoso
2. Tri Mulyono
3. Fateha
4. Nugroho Adi Satria
Department of Chemical Engineering UMS
Compiled by:
1. Heri Santoso
2. Tri Mulyono
3. Fateha
4. Nugroho Adi Satria
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
Rear 1.Latar
Water has a very important function in the life of this earth. Water used for many agricultural activities, households and in industrial processes. In terms of its use, there is water that can be used directly without being processed first, but there is also water that must be treated before it is used by certain processes before they can be consumed safely. In the field of agricultural water used for irrigation in order to support the process plant does not die. In many activities of the household water is used for everyday activities like washing, bathing, cooking, gardening, and is consumed for drinking water daily by boiling them first.
While in many industrial process water use. In addition to the raw water in the drinking water industry and player water turbine at the power plant is also used as the main tool in the work of industrial processes. In addition, water is also used as a means of cleaning (cleaning) good for cleaning production equipment as well as areas of existing industries without certain preconditions that require sterilization and high accuracy. In terms of water economy, including objects are cheap and easily available and abundant keberadaannyapun nature. Therefore, water is often used for transferring heat to a process that is in the form of steam.
While in many industrial process water use. In addition to the raw water in the drinking water industry and player water turbine at the power plant is also used as the main tool in the work of industrial processes. In addition, water is also used as a means of cleaning (cleaning) good for cleaning production equipment as well as areas of existing industries without certain preconditions that require sterilization and high accuracy. In terms of water economy, including objects are cheap and easily available and abundant keberadaannyapun nature. Therefore, water is often used for transferring heat to a process that is in the form of steam.
2. Problem formulation2.1. What is the water?2.2. How the physical properties and water chemistry in terms of the electrolysis of water, the cohesion and adhesion, and solubility?2.3. What are the requirements of healthy water?2.4. What are the functions of water in human life in general?2.5. What are the functions of water in the industry both in terms of activities or peosesnya?2.6. What are the functions of water in household activities?2.7. What are the problems that will arise during the use of clean water?
3. DestinationThe purpose of this paper are:3.1. To fulfill the task Utilities courses entitled "Water Usage in Households and Industry".3.2. Knowing the function of water in an activity either in their daily activities, household or in an industrial process3.3. Knowing how to use water efficiently and accurately in order to
2.1 Definition of WaterWater is an important compound in this earthly life, but not for the planet, other planets. The existence of water on earth until it reached 71% of Earth's surface area as a whole or about 1.4 trillion cubic kilometers (330 million mil3), the rest is land on earth. Most of the water contained in the ocean (salt water) and in the layers of ice (at the poles and the top of the mountain). Addition of water also can be present in other forms such as rivers, lakes, water vapor, sea ice, rain, and clouds. The water in these objects move according to the cycle that can be through the rain, evaporation, and the flow of water over the soil surface (runoff include: rivers, estuaries, and springs) that moves toward the sea.Clean water is essential in human life. Many places in the world and in Indonesia the country is still short of water. This can be influenced by several factors such as climate change uncertainty and lack of public attention to the importance of cleanliness around the water. In addition to the earth, there are also areas of water estimated poles (south or north) as well as the planet Mars because lately there is research that Mars is a planet that could be inhabited by humans other than earth.In terms of its form, the water has three states namely solid (ice), liquid (water) and gas (water vapor). Water is the only substance found naturally in the earth's surface in all three of his form is. Management of water resources that are less good and efficient can lead to water shortages and threaten the existence of water itself and can lead to conflict among users. The law governing the Water Resources Act No. 7 of 2004 on Water Resources.
2.2 Properties of Water Chemistry and Physics
Water is a chemical compound with molecular formula H2O. A water molecule is composed of two H atoms and one atom of O. Water included in this type of covalent bonding. Physical properties of water has no color, it has no sense, and no smell in the standard conditions at a pressure of 100 kPa (1 bar) and at a temperature of 273.15 K (0 ° C). Including the type of solvent water are important in chemical reactions. Water can dissolve many other chemicals such as salt, sugar, acid and various other organic molecules.Water is also called the universal solvent because of the ability of water that can dissolve many kinds of chemical substances. Water is in dynamic equilibrium between the liquid phase and padatdi under standard pressure and temperature.Here are the properties of water is reviewed in many respects, among others:2.2.1. Electrolysis of WaterElectrolysis of water is a state where water molecules can be broken down into its elements by the electric current flowing in the molecule. At the cathode reaction will occur in two-electron capture by molecules of water which is then reduced to H2 gas and OH-ions. While at the anode is two molecules of water will break down into O2 gas. The reaction can be written as follows:2H2O (ℓ) → 2H2 (ᶢ) + O2 (ᶢ) (1)Hydrogen and oxygen gases produced will form a bubble electrode. This principle is utilized to produce hydrogen and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) which can be used as fuel for hydrogen vehicles.
2.2.2. Cohesion and AdhesionWater is polar which means can be attached to each other (the cohesion). Water has a number of positive and negative charges are to be located near the oxygen atom. In addition to the cohesion of water has also has also caused the adhesion properties of polar akrena juice. Water has a large surface tension caused by the nature of cohesion between water molecules.2.2.3. SolubilityWater is a chemical compound capable of dissolving various types of other chemical substances. Substance that can dissolve in water are called hydrophilic substances, while substances that are difficult or insoluble in water is referred to as hydrophobic substances. The solubility of a substance in water depends on whether or not the substance match the style of dance draw power between water molecules. If a solution can not match the attractive forces the molecules contained in the solution is saturated, which means the molecule will not dissolve and will settle in the water.
2.3 Healthy Water RequirementsHealthy water must meet several requirements, among others:
3. DestinationThe purpose of this paper are:3.1. To fulfill the task Utilities courses entitled "Water Usage in Households and Industry".3.2. Knowing the function of water in an activity either in their daily activities, household or in an industrial process3.3. Knowing how to use water efficiently and accurately in order to
CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION
DISCUSSION
2.1 Definition of WaterWater is an important compound in this earthly life, but not for the planet, other planets. The existence of water on earth until it reached 71% of Earth's surface area as a whole or about 1.4 trillion cubic kilometers (330 million mil3), the rest is land on earth. Most of the water contained in the ocean (salt water) and in the layers of ice (at the poles and the top of the mountain). Addition of water also can be present in other forms such as rivers, lakes, water vapor, sea ice, rain, and clouds. The water in these objects move according to the cycle that can be through the rain, evaporation, and the flow of water over the soil surface (runoff include: rivers, estuaries, and springs) that moves toward the sea.Clean water is essential in human life. Many places in the world and in Indonesia the country is still short of water. This can be influenced by several factors such as climate change uncertainty and lack of public attention to the importance of cleanliness around the water. In addition to the earth, there are also areas of water estimated poles (south or north) as well as the planet Mars because lately there is research that Mars is a planet that could be inhabited by humans other than earth.In terms of its form, the water has three states namely solid (ice), liquid (water) and gas (water vapor). Water is the only substance found naturally in the earth's surface in all three of his form is. Management of water resources that are less good and efficient can lead to water shortages and threaten the existence of water itself and can lead to conflict among users. The law governing the Water Resources Act No. 7 of 2004 on Water Resources.
2.2 Properties of Water Chemistry and Physics
- Properties of Water
- Systematic name
- Water
- Alternative Names
- Aqua; Hydrogen hydroxide
- Molecular formula
- H2O
- Molar mass
- 18.0153 g / mol
- Density and phase
- 0998 g / cm ³ (cariran at 20 ° C)
- 0.92 g / cm ³ (solid)
- Melting point
- 0 ° C (273.15 K) (32 ° F)
- Boiling point
- 100 ° C (373.15 K) (212 ° F)
- Type of Heat
- 4184 J / (kg · K) (liquid at 20 ° C)
Water is a chemical compound with molecular formula H2O. A water molecule is composed of two H atoms and one atom of O. Water included in this type of covalent bonding. Physical properties of water has no color, it has no sense, and no smell in the standard conditions at a pressure of 100 kPa (1 bar) and at a temperature of 273.15 K (0 ° C). Including the type of solvent water are important in chemical reactions. Water can dissolve many other chemicals such as salt, sugar, acid and various other organic molecules.Water is also called the universal solvent because of the ability of water that can dissolve many kinds of chemical substances. Water is in dynamic equilibrium between the liquid phase and padatdi under standard pressure and temperature.Here are the properties of water is reviewed in many respects, among others:2.2.1. Electrolysis of WaterElectrolysis of water is a state where water molecules can be broken down into its elements by the electric current flowing in the molecule. At the cathode reaction will occur in two-electron capture by molecules of water which is then reduced to H2 gas and OH-ions. While at the anode is two molecules of water will break down into O2 gas. The reaction can be written as follows:2H2O (ℓ) → 2H2 (ᶢ) + O2 (ᶢ) (1)Hydrogen and oxygen gases produced will form a bubble electrode. This principle is utilized to produce hydrogen and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) which can be used as fuel for hydrogen vehicles.
2.2.2. Cohesion and AdhesionWater is polar which means can be attached to each other (the cohesion). Water has a number of positive and negative charges are to be located near the oxygen atom. In addition to the cohesion of water has also has also caused the adhesion properties of polar akrena juice. Water has a large surface tension caused by the nature of cohesion between water molecules.2.2.3. SolubilityWater is a chemical compound capable of dissolving various types of other chemical substances. Substance that can dissolve in water are called hydrophilic substances, while substances that are difficult or insoluble in water is referred to as hydrophobic substances. The solubility of a substance in water depends on whether or not the substance match the style of dance draw power between water molecules. If a solution can not match the attractive forces the molecules contained in the solution is saturated, which means the molecule will not dissolve and will settle in the water.
2.3 Healthy Water RequirementsHealthy water must meet several requirements, among others:
1. No ColorColored water means water containing chemicals are harmful if consumed by the body and can threaten the health to its customers such as water wells, water containing Fe, as well as waste water from factories.
2. Not Contain a Toxic Chemical SubstancesWater should be used in daily activities or other activities which do not contain toxic chemicals such as ammonia, lead, nitrate, sulfide compounds and other radioactive materials.3. Must Clear Water or Not CloudyMuddy-looking water can usually be due to the grains are very fine clay. The more turbid the water so the more grains of clay and other impurities contained therein.4. Neutral pHpH of good water roughly ranges between 6.5-8.5. The water pH is too low then it will taste sour, while water with a pH that is too high will have a bitter taste because the water is alkaline.5. Low KesadahannyaDue to water hardness ions content of Ca2 + (calcium) and Mg 2 + (magnesium). Water with high hardness content is not good for consumption. Water with high hardness can cause scaling on the bottom of the cooking equipment, causing rancidity and able to change the color of clothing becomes brownish yellow when washed. If hard water consumed in excess by the body it can cause kidney and liver disorders.6. Fresh taste or Not Having a sense ofWater that has a sense of bitter, sour or salty shows that water quality is not good. Water that has a sour taste because of the resulting inorganic acids contained therein. While the water with a salty taste caused due to certain salts are soluble in water.7. Not SmellingWater with good quality characteristics have no smell if kissed from a short distance and long distance. Water that has a foul odor indicates that the water contains organic materials are decomposed by water microorganisms.8. Not Contain Bacterial PathogensThe water containing the bacteria in it can cause intestinal illness and spleen such as cholera, typhoid, and hepatitis. These bacteria can be turned off by the cooking water before consumption.
2.4 Benefits of Water In Human LifeWater has an important role in life on this earth for both humans and other living creatures. Without water there would be no life in this world. Here is a function of water in human life, among others:1. Drinking waterWithout water, an organism can not live including manusi. In the human body contains 55-78% water in it depending on the size of a person's body. In order to function properly and to avoid dehydration of the human body needs 1-7 L of water for each day. Water needs in the human body is influenced by several factors such as temperature, humidity and level of activity undertaken. In addition to consuming lots of water is suggested also counterbalanced degan exercise regularly.
2. SolventSolvents used to wash everyday. Besides household waste are also carried by water through the drain. Water can support the biological processes that dissolve wastes. Microorganisms that there is in the water can help break down waste into substances with very low pollution levels.3. EnergyWater can also be used as a Hydroelectric Power Plant (hydropower). In this hydropower hydropower is converted into electricity through a machine (turbine) into electrical energy that can be delivered to homes and into factories. Because of this hydro-rumahpun also the home can use electronic equipment that requires electrical energy such as computers, air conditioners, televisions, refrigerators, tape recorders, etc..
2.5 Benefits of Water In IndustryIt is estimated that 15% of the total water existing in the world are used for industrial activities. Many industrial activities that use water, including power plants that use cooling water salts as well as a source of energy, mining and refining of petroleum materials that use water in chemical processes, to the manufacturing industries that use water as a solvent. The level of water use in each country is always different depending on the needs. But once the use of water for industrial activities is always lower when compared to agricultural activities.In addition to the water industry activities are also used to generate energy. Hydroelectric Power Plant (hydropower) to get electricity from water turbines that drive the water that has been associated with the generator. Hydropower is a type of power plants with low production costs, non-polluting, and can be renewable. This energy is essentially rooted in the sun, with the concept of the sun will evaporate the water on the surface which then will have condensation in the air, then will fall as rain and rain water is what will supply the water for rivers that flow through hydropower.Use of other industries are heat exchangers and steam turbines. The water that comes out of the industry without being processed first can be called pollution. Pollution includes the release of a chemical solution (chemical pollution) or the release of residual water heat exchanger (thermal pollution). Industry requires pure water for various applications and uses techniques to supali water purification and waste.Here's miraculous function of water in the chemical industry, among others:2.5.1 Boiler Feed WaterBoiler is a furnace in a variety of shapes and sizes that serve as a producer of steam through the evaporation of water for use in electric power pmbangkit through turbines, chemical processes, and heating in the production.Working system of the boiler is to convert water into steam. The heat generated will be channeled into the water in the boiler, which then produces steam continuously. Boiler feed water is sent to a steam boiler to replace the missing. When replacing the water in a steam boiler, which was originally solid particles in the feed water boiler lagging. Solid particles are left behind will be increasingly concentrated further until eventually cause the crust.
2.5.2. Cooling Tower
Cooling towers are often also referred to as cooling towers. Cooling tower is a cooling system using water tersikulasi principle. Water serves as a cooling medium, eg air conditioning, diesel generators, etc..Cooling water systems can be divided into two basic types, namely:1. Air Flow Cooling System OneThe concept of this system is one among the flow of water only one time through the heat exchanger and then the rest of the process of direct disposal. This system more membutukan water. In this system does not occur in the evaporation of water into and out of the heat exchanger. This system is commonly used in large power terminals where water supply is high enough.2. Circulation Cooling Water SystemIini system included in an open circulatory system. Water will continuously cooled tersikulasi through equipment which is connected in series. Heat transfer of equipment into the water will cause the occurrence of evaporation into the air. Evaporation will increase the concentration.
1. Benefits of Domestic AirWater has a very important role in life. No exception for domestic life and everyday life. An estimated 15% of world water use is for household needs. In the household water used for various kinds of activities, among others for bathing, washing clothes and dishes, cooking, drinking water, gardening, and sanitation. According to Peter Gleick dibutukan minimum requirements of water in households is about 50 L / day / individual. The need is not included for gardening needs. Water drinking water should have a good quality that can be directly consumed without causing detrimental effects on health.
2. The problems in the use of Clean WaterThe problem of clean water is a problem that most fatal to life. With the clean water we can avoid the danger of disease is a skin disease terkhususnya otherwise dirty water can cause various health problems. The causes of environmental pollution mostly caused by humans. Water and soil pollution is pollution that occurs in waters such as rivers, lakes, seas, etc.. Nature has the ability to restore contaminated water through a purification process by way of purification of soil, rocks, and microorganisms that exist in nature. Because the amount of pollution that are not controlled then alampun difficult to restore the condition of water and its contents as before.Some of the causes of environmental pollution in water include:1. The occurrence of erosion and high rainfall2. Increasing the amount of trash or human waste from residential homes.3. Chemical contamination originating from the location of residences, agriculture, industry, etc.Disposal of garbage and dirt into the channel can cause blockages and dirty puddles and muddy which would then become the breeding of microorganisms or germs that cause disease.Here are examples of some diseases are caused by the use of poor sanitation and indiscriminate disposal of waste include:1. Dysentery2. Cholera3. Typhus4. Scarlet fever5. Hepatitis6. Wormy7. Malaria8. Diarrhea
3.1 ConclusionWater is a very important component in the life of this world. Without water may never be no life. Water has many benefits for life, especially for human beings terkhususnya. Usefulness of water include water use in agriculture, industry, households, and other environmental activities.In every field of water have different functions depending on the type of activities. Water in agriculture serves to irrigate the rice fields so that the plant does not die, in the field of water industry can be utilized for power generation is Hydroelectric Power Plant (hydropower) which can convert water power into electrical energy that flowed into people's homes so that residents can use electronic goods whose use is dependent on electrical energy from hydropower this. While the domestic water used for washing, bathing, drinking water, sanitation, etc..3.2 AdviceBecause water is so important in this life then we must maintain the cleanliness and quality of the water itself. By keeping the water clean then we will avoid the various diseases caused due to water pollution. Water pollution can be tackled by way of a clean and healthy lifestyle. Clean and healthy living can be defined as living in an environment of cleanliness and health standards in accordance with the behavior of a clean and healthy living. A clean and healthy environment can have substantial impact on the quality of healthcare. Person's health would be better if the surrounding environment clean. Similarly, contrary to one's health will be worse if the surroundings are not clean and polluted areas included in the category making it easy for a microorganism breeding in dirty environments. In the application of clean and healthy living can be started by creating a healthy environment.
2.4 Benefits of Water In Human LifeWater has an important role in life on this earth for both humans and other living creatures. Without water there would be no life in this world. Here is a function of water in human life, among others:1. Drinking waterWithout water, an organism can not live including manusi. In the human body contains 55-78% water in it depending on the size of a person's body. In order to function properly and to avoid dehydration of the human body needs 1-7 L of water for each day. Water needs in the human body is influenced by several factors such as temperature, humidity and level of activity undertaken. In addition to consuming lots of water is suggested also counterbalanced degan exercise regularly.
2. SolventSolvents used to wash everyday. Besides household waste are also carried by water through the drain. Water can support the biological processes that dissolve wastes. Microorganisms that there is in the water can help break down waste into substances with very low pollution levels.3. EnergyWater can also be used as a Hydroelectric Power Plant (hydropower). In this hydropower hydropower is converted into electricity through a machine (turbine) into electrical energy that can be delivered to homes and into factories. Because of this hydro-rumahpun also the home can use electronic equipment that requires electrical energy such as computers, air conditioners, televisions, refrigerators, tape recorders, etc..
2.5 Benefits of Water In IndustryIt is estimated that 15% of the total water existing in the world are used for industrial activities. Many industrial activities that use water, including power plants that use cooling water salts as well as a source of energy, mining and refining of petroleum materials that use water in chemical processes, to the manufacturing industries that use water as a solvent. The level of water use in each country is always different depending on the needs. But once the use of water for industrial activities is always lower when compared to agricultural activities.In addition to the water industry activities are also used to generate energy. Hydroelectric Power Plant (hydropower) to get electricity from water turbines that drive the water that has been associated with the generator. Hydropower is a type of power plants with low production costs, non-polluting, and can be renewable. This energy is essentially rooted in the sun, with the concept of the sun will evaporate the water on the surface which then will have condensation in the air, then will fall as rain and rain water is what will supply the water for rivers that flow through hydropower.Use of other industries are heat exchangers and steam turbines. The water that comes out of the industry without being processed first can be called pollution. Pollution includes the release of a chemical solution (chemical pollution) or the release of residual water heat exchanger (thermal pollution). Industry requires pure water for various applications and uses techniques to supali water purification and waste.Here's miraculous function of water in the chemical industry, among others:2.5.1 Boiler Feed WaterBoiler is a furnace in a variety of shapes and sizes that serve as a producer of steam through the evaporation of water for use in electric power pmbangkit through turbines, chemical processes, and heating in the production.Working system of the boiler is to convert water into steam. The heat generated will be channeled into the water in the boiler, which then produces steam continuously. Boiler feed water is sent to a steam boiler to replace the missing. When replacing the water in a steam boiler, which was originally solid particles in the feed water boiler lagging. Solid particles are left behind will be increasingly concentrated further until eventually cause the crust.
2.5.2. Cooling Tower
Cooling towers are often also referred to as cooling towers. Cooling tower is a cooling system using water tersikulasi principle. Water serves as a cooling medium, eg air conditioning, diesel generators, etc..Cooling water systems can be divided into two basic types, namely:1. Air Flow Cooling System OneThe concept of this system is one among the flow of water only one time through the heat exchanger and then the rest of the process of direct disposal. This system more membutukan water. In this system does not occur in the evaporation of water into and out of the heat exchanger. This system is commonly used in large power terminals where water supply is high enough.2. Circulation Cooling Water SystemIini system included in an open circulatory system. Water will continuously cooled tersikulasi through equipment which is connected in series. Heat transfer of equipment into the water will cause the occurrence of evaporation into the air. Evaporation will increase the concentration.
1. Benefits of Domestic AirWater has a very important role in life. No exception for domestic life and everyday life. An estimated 15% of world water use is for household needs. In the household water used for various kinds of activities, among others for bathing, washing clothes and dishes, cooking, drinking water, gardening, and sanitation. According to Peter Gleick dibutukan minimum requirements of water in households is about 50 L / day / individual. The need is not included for gardening needs. Water drinking water should have a good quality that can be directly consumed without causing detrimental effects on health.
2. The problems in the use of Clean WaterThe problem of clean water is a problem that most fatal to life. With the clean water we can avoid the danger of disease is a skin disease terkhususnya otherwise dirty water can cause various health problems. The causes of environmental pollution mostly caused by humans. Water and soil pollution is pollution that occurs in waters such as rivers, lakes, seas, etc.. Nature has the ability to restore contaminated water through a purification process by way of purification of soil, rocks, and microorganisms that exist in nature. Because the amount of pollution that are not controlled then alampun difficult to restore the condition of water and its contents as before.Some of the causes of environmental pollution in water include:1. The occurrence of erosion and high rainfall2. Increasing the amount of trash or human waste from residential homes.3. Chemical contamination originating from the location of residences, agriculture, industry, etc.Disposal of garbage and dirt into the channel can cause blockages and dirty puddles and muddy which would then become the breeding of microorganisms or germs that cause disease.Here are examples of some diseases are caused by the use of poor sanitation and indiscriminate disposal of waste include:1. Dysentery2. Cholera3. Typhus4. Scarlet fever5. Hepatitis6. Wormy7. Malaria8. Diarrhea
CHAPTER III
CLOSING
CLOSING
3.1 ConclusionWater is a very important component in the life of this world. Without water may never be no life. Water has many benefits for life, especially for human beings terkhususnya. Usefulness of water include water use in agriculture, industry, households, and other environmental activities.In every field of water have different functions depending on the type of activities. Water in agriculture serves to irrigate the rice fields so that the plant does not die, in the field of water industry can be utilized for power generation is Hydroelectric Power Plant (hydropower) which can convert water power into electrical energy that flowed into people's homes so that residents can use electronic goods whose use is dependent on electrical energy from hydropower this. While the domestic water used for washing, bathing, drinking water, sanitation, etc..3.2 AdviceBecause water is so important in this life then we must maintain the cleanliness and quality of the water itself. By keeping the water clean then we will avoid the various diseases caused due to water pollution. Water pollution can be tackled by way of a clean and healthy lifestyle. Clean and healthy living can be defined as living in an environment of cleanliness and health standards in accordance with the behavior of a clean and healthy living. A clean and healthy environment can have substantial impact on the quality of healthcare. Person's health would be better if the surrounding environment clean. Similarly, contrary to one's health will be worse if the surroundings are not clean and polluted areas included in the category making it easy for a microorganism breeding in dirty environments. In the application of clean and healthy living can be started by creating a healthy environment.
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